Coal Industrys Ethical Analysis Environmental Sciences Essay

The energy industry is more relevant today than of all time before. A As modern engineering evolves, we have become an energy dependent society triping increased demand that we ne'er anticipated or could hold predicted. Energy has become a necessity in virtually every country of life from agribusiness, transit, waste aggregation, information engineering and communications ; all of which are critical constituents for most functional societies. The energy industry is made up of many different subsets, which include crude oil, natural gas, coal, atomic, and renewable energy. Harmonizing to the United States Energy Information Administration, the oil and gas industry histories for most of the market, providing more than 60 % of the entire energy consumed. The coal industry follows, claiming 20 % of the industry ‘s market portion ( United States Energy Information Administration ) . These industries face uninterrupted argument sing their production and gross revenues, particularly h ere in the United States. â€Å" The United States is one of the universe ‘s biggest consumers of energy and the energy industry is the 3rd largest industry within our state † ( Select USA ) . This contention has generated a batch of promotion for this industry, due to the increased usage and demand for energy as a whole. With more accent being placed on energy efficiency and the environment, the media has heightened involvement and visibleness by concentrating more on the negative facets and sensationalizing the issues that surround this industry. In this subdivision we are traveling to take a closer expression at the coal industry, look intoing some of the ethical issues associated with coal.Coal Industry A AThroughout history coal has been an abundant and indispensable resource, particularly for us in the United States. We most normally use it to bring forth electricity and heat. Coal generates more than 42 % of our electricity, with about 600 coal-fueled power works s countrywide every bit good as straight and indirectly using over 550,000 persons in the United States entirely. ( America ‘s Power ) . We can non ignore the fact that coal is a major subscriber to our society and about everyone benefits from its usage ; nevertheless, unlike most other industries, coal faces a battalion of ethical issues. These issues can be broken down into three classs, environmental, societal, and sustainability. Coal creates many challenges for the environment. The most noteworthy 1 has to make with air pollution and specifically carbon emanations. When burned, coal emits high degrees of C dioxide, the chief nursery gas that causes planetary heating. It besides emits other toxic pollutants to the air when burned which include sulfur dioxide, N oxides, particulate affair, and quicksilver ( Union of Concerned Scientists ) . In add-on to fouling the air, coal can besides foul H2O beginnings, chiefly during the waste direction procedure. Coal besides creates immense sums of solid waste, which include fly ash and coal sludge. This waste contains arsenic, quicksilver, Cr, Cd, and other metals that are all harmful to the environment ( Union of Concerned Scientists ) . These are merely a few of the many illustrations of the negative environmental impacts related to coal. A The coal industry besides faces many societal challenges ; nevertheless, at this clip we are merely traveling to concentrate on the wellness jeopardies related to coal and employee safety. Working in the coal industry environment for an drawn-out period of clip can do legion wellness jobs, such as respiratory issues ( bronchitis, asthma onslaughts, etc. ) , black lung, congestive bosom failure, and some signifiers of malignant neoplastic disease. Typically workers get these diseases through the extraction, readying, burning, waste storage, and transit of coal ( SourceWatch ) . In add-on, the general populace can besides be affected by emanations from coal-fueled power workss. Employee safety is another societal concern that surrounds the coal industry and justifiably so. This type of industry involves the usage of heavy equipment in unsafe environments, which creates several safety jeopardies. Fire, detonation, the release of gas and structural failure are some of the other safety ha zards associated with coal. Overall, excavation is a really unsafe occupation necessitating workers to be good trained, extremely watchful and cognizant of their work environment at all times. Finally allow ‘s discuss sustainability. There are recent figures that show the coal industry is in diminution. This is the consequence of new authorities ordinances and regulations, which are seeking to diminish C emanations ( Plumer ) . The industry is seeking to turn to these concerns. â€Å" Continuous betterments in engineering have dramatically reduced or eliminated many of the environmental impacts traditionally associated with the usage of coal † ( World Coal Association ) . Another ground for the recent diminution is the â€Å" recent inflow of inexpensive natural gas to the United States † ( Plumer ) . A With the issues and challenges confronting the coal industry today, it appears the hereafter of coal expressions reasonably inexorable.Pressures Confronting Coal IndustryDue to pollution and other dangers caused by the coal industry, environmental groups and authorities ordinances are conveying force per unit area. Both environmental groups and authoriti es ordinances are forcing the coal industry to be â€Å" cleaner † by bring forthing energy that creates small injury for the environment. As a consequence of these force per unit areas, the coal industry may happen itself losing net incomes or may even happen itself being replaced by beginnings of cleaner energy. A The most popular environmental group forcing the coal industry is the Greenpeace group, as they are the â€Å" largest independent direct-action environmental organisation in the universe † ( â€Å" Greenpeace.org † ) . Some actions by Greenpeace include the start of an Energy Revolution which includes a â€Å" Quit Coal Campaign † . Harmonizing to the Greenpeace web site, this run encourages renewable energy and battles to extinguish the usage of coal because, â€Å" a 3rd of all C dioxide emissions come from firing coal † ( â€Å" Greenpeace.org † ) . Along with Greenpeace, there are many other environmental groups that have been prosecuting the coal industry for many old ages and harmonizing to recent articles in The New York Times, these activist groups â€Å" have moved in for the putting to death † ( â€Å" Coal † ) . Militant groups in resistance to the coal industry can even be found on the Virginia Tech campus. Greenpeace at Virginia Tech and VT Beyond Coal are two major groups on campus that are contending for a better environment. Harmonizing to the web site of VT Beyond Coal, the campus power works burns 46,000 dozenss of coal ( â€Å" VT Beyond Coal † ) . VT Beyond Coal has started a request that is committed to transitioning VT ‘s coal works to 100 % clean and renewable energy by 2020. A This request to â€Å" Invent a clean hereafter † is portion of a motion that involves over 60 universities in the United States and the motion has ends to change over campuses to clean energy ( â€Å" VT Beyond Coal † ) . Along with force per unit areas from militant groups, ordinances imposed by the Environmental Protection Agency are going stricter and progressively complex. A recent article from Yahoo Finance studies that the Environmental Protection Agency is presently working with President Obama to increase ordinances on coal ( â€Å" Coal Stocks Fall Sharply as More Regulations Feared † ) . A Yahoo Finance besides states that the EPA â€Å" has imposed bounds on pollutants such as C dioxide, quicksilver and S dioxide, which have made it more expensive for public-service corporation companies to fire coal for energy coevals. † As a consequence of the ordinances, some coal workss have experienced closings due to increased operating costs. Along with doing coal works retirement, the expectancy of increased ordinance besides led Yahoo Finance to describe that â€Å" coal stocks across the board fell aggressively † ( â€Å" Coal Stocks Fall Sharply as More Regulations Feared â €  ) . Although coal has seen a diminution in popularity, studies from The New York Times have revealed that â€Å" the planetary demand for coal is expected to turn to 8.9 billion dozenss by 2016 † ( â€Å" Coal † ) . Even though there is still demand for coal, The New York Times reports that coal is on the diminution and â€Å" provides about a 3rd of the state ‘s power, merely four old ages ago it was supplying about half † ( â€Å" Coal † ) . Activist organisations every bit good as ordinances have contributed to the diminution in coal ‘s laterality and the coal industry may happen its companies losing net incomes or even happen itself being replaced by cleaner beginnings of energy if coal can non be more environmentally friendly. ACorporate Social Responsibility ActivitiesBecause there are a figure of ethical issues confronting the coal industry, coal companies have been working to better the societal and environmental impact of their activities. Peabody Energy and Arch Coal are good known in the industry for their impressive corporate societal activities. Peabody Energy is one of the largest private sector coal companies worldwide. It is Peabody Energy ‘s mission to be â€Å" a prima worldwide manufacturer and provider of sustainable energy solutions that enable economic prosperity and a better quality of life ( â€Å" Peabody Energy: Corporate Responsibility † ) . As portion of their corporate duty, they have been turn toing issues in employee, economic, public, and environmental duties. Peabody stresses its â€Å" Safety Vision † of forestalling incidents, occupational unwellnesss, and belongings harm. Because of the importance the company places on safety, attempts have been made in Peabody ‘s planetary workss to increase safety in the workplace by using studies and appraisals to have feedback from their employees. Peabody initiated the installment of an belowground communications system to ease communicating between mineworkers belowground and mineworkers stationed above land in 2011. This betterment gave the belowground mineworkers faster entree to deliver squads in the event of an incident. Peabody has â€Å" about 65 safety Chamberss installed at Peabody ‘s belowground operations with supplies such as O, nutrient, and H2O, in the event of an exigency † ( â€Å" Peabody Energy: CSR Report † 24 ) . Keeping safety as the company ‘s extreme precedence, Peabody offers a preparation plan, â€Å" Safety a Way of Life † whi ch is directed towards employees to easy transition into Peabody ‘s safety systems and procedures. A A A A A A A In add-on to employee duty, Peabody Energy believes in the importance of continuing the environment and utilizing sustainable patterns. The cardinal rule of their mission is to â€Å" go forth the land in a status equal to or better than we found it † ( â€Å" Peabody Energy: CSR Report † 34 ) . A Peabody has been happening better patterns to reconstruct lands, wildlife home grounds, hardwood woods, and wetlands. â€Å" In 2011 Peabody restored more than 5,100 estates of land and planted more than 360,000 trees ( â€Å" Peabody Energy: CSR Report † 36 ) . Presently, Peabody has a recycling and waste direction plan intended for the reuse of the waste produced from coal excavation activities. The company was able to increase â€Å" the volume of recycled lubricating oil by more than 100 per centum † ( â€Å" Peabody Energy: CSR Report 38 ) . As a planetary leader in clean coal excavation solutions, Peabody has been researching and puting in b etter patterns related to clean coal engineerings in the countries of nursery gas strength, emanations strength, and C policy. An illustration of their undertaking is with the U.S Geological Survey in 2006. A Peabody and the U.S Geological Survey combined attempts â€Å" to mensurate methane content and desorption testing in big surface mines † ( â€Å" Peabody Energy: CSR Report † 39 ) . A A A A A A A Like Peabody Energy, Arch Coal has been concentrating on the same countries of duties in safety and environmental conditions. Like the attempts of Peabody, safety is a precedence to Arch Coal therefore the company has been working to happen betterments of doing the working environment safer for employees. The company promotes the â€Å" Perfect Zero † rule of nothing hurts and zero environmental misdemeanors. Harmonizing to Arch Coal ‘s CSR Report, the company has invested $ 14 million in a bipartisan communicating and tracking system to forestall accidents in belowground mines ( Arch Coal, Inc. ) . Arch Coal has been doing attempts to happen more advanced coal engineerings solutions that target planetary nursery emanations and the decrease of airborne emanations. Coal companies are more active in their corporate societal duties than of all time earlier. Because the industry itself is so unsafe for both employees. Coal companies have been working hard to supply the right environment and resources for employees. Furthermore, because the environment is harmfully affected by the activities of coal companies, companies are taking more inaugural to concentrate and take duty for their actions.Investing Policy RecommendationsVirginia Tech needs to take corporate societal duty and ethical issues of the coal industry into history when finding its investing determinations. Energy from coal is under a batch of examination in the populace oculus since it is perceived as â€Å" dirty † and outdated engineering. With the hereafter of energy indicating towards clean engineering such as solar and weave energy, Virginia Tech needs to be on the head. They need to put themselves as a taking academic establishment that is traveling off from coal and into c lean engineering. The motto for the establishment is â€Å" Invent the Future † ( www.vt.edu ) , hence taking the enterprise to be in front of the curve. A A A A A A A When puting the schools endowment financess, it is of import to take ethical issues into history but at the same clip non take a fiscal loss. The great thing about non puting in coal but other engineering is that Virginia Tech is taking ethical issues into history but are besides concentrating the financess into an country that is turning at an exponential rate and will take to fiscal additions instead than losingss. A A A A A A A As a public establishment there is a changeless oculus on Virginia Tech ‘s every move, whether it be policy with pupils, academic rankings, but most significantly where the gift fund decides to put their money. With that being said, it is acceptable to take a fiscal loss because you have to take the social force per unit areas into history. Virginia Tech is closely related to the coal industry, with a coal power works on campus and being located in SouthWest Virginia where the environing countries are heavy in coal and employees many local citizens, so it is a tough pick to non put in coal. Therefore both sides will be showing their sides in the argument over the investing in coal. Virginia Tech will hold the local coal countries experiencing as though the University is non looking out for them and so there will be the group that is in favour of clean engineering and has been seeking to acquire the school to happen a new beginning for power. By puting in other eng ineering, they will be seting money into companies that are developing new engineerings that Virginia Tech will be able to utilize to tackle their ain energy for usage on campus and in the environing countries in the hereafter. As they focus their investings into cleaner energy and taking ethical grounds over fiscal engineering, the public oculus will alter and they will see Virginia Tech as a leader in the hereafter of energy.Investing RecommendationsWhen looking back at our province it is impossible to bury our love matter with fossil fuels. Fossil fuels, and more specifically coal, have been some of the biggest employers and gross bring forthing industries in the province. â€Å" In 2006, the entire value of fossil fuels mined in Virginia was about $ 2.4 billion. A Coal accounted for about 72 per centum ( $ 1.7 billion ) of this entire value, while natural gas accounted for about 28 per centum ( $ 660.3 million ) , and oil less than 1 per centum ( $ 1.1 million ) † ( Virgi nia Department of Mines Minerals and Energy ) . In recent old ages, harmonizing to Virginia Center for Coal and Research or VEPT, the â€Å" entire sum of coal produced in the state has been a little more than one billion dozenss † , still a immense figure despite the push for new green energy ( VEPT ) . In Virginia, production has been around â€Å" 30 to forty million dozenss, † largely in the southwesterly coalfields ( VEPT ) . A However, coal production has decreased in the province to around 30 million systematically. Our group would propose Virginia Tech to non put in fossil fuels and specifically coal excavation as coal monetary values have decreased while the costs for obtaining and runing mines have increased. This is due to a figure of factors, one of the most of import is the tendency of coal excavation traveling westward to provinces like Wyoming where excavation is cheaper and easier due to the geological conditions. One major job is that about all coal mi nes in the Appalachian country are belowground mines in contrast to their western opposite numbers which tend to be surface mines leting for easier and cheaper extraction. Virginia besides has had a long history of coal excavation which has led to the depletion of easy gettable reservoirs coercing excavation houses to look for untapped militias in potentially more dearly-won and hard locations ( VEPT ) . There are many effects attributed to the usage of fossil fuels, from wellness concerns such as higher rates of asthma in countries with heavy pollution, but besides the potentially annihilating effects of planetary heating ( M.A. Palmer 148 ) . These are merely a few of the ethical concerns confronting an industry every bit controversial as the coal industry. Specifically, the coal industry creates many issues for the environments that contain coal mines. Coal mines generate big sums of solid waste particularly when sing that several coal excavation companies engage in the pattern of mountaintop remotion. Mountaintop excavation uses explosives to expose the coal seams and transform what would hold been belowground excavation to a signifier of surface excavation. This is a common method of excavation in the Appalachian Mountains. Surveies have shown that mountaintop excavation has had really serious effects for the environment. One of the biggest impacts of this signifier of excavatio n is the taint of local water partings. This is caused by puting the unsought stuffs created by exposing the coal seam in vales or â€Å" filler holes † which necessarily ends up polluting watercourses that finally flow into the watershed. Exposure to these watercourses have been shown to take to hospitalization for a assortment of wellness concerns including ; â€Å" Ratess of mortality, lung malignant neoplastic disease, every bit good as chronic bosom, lung and kidney disease are besides increased † ( M.A. Palmer 148 ) . A A A A A A A A A A Alternatively of puting in more untapped militias our group would alternatively look towards more renewable resources to cover our energy demands. The energy produced in Virginia histories for less than half the entire energy consumed in the province taking to the obvious decision that the province relies on other beginnings to supply energy. A Based on estimations by The U.S. Energy Information Administration, Virginia Energy ingestion was estimated to be 2,558 trillion BTU while the energy produced as fossil fuels mined in Virginia energy consumed as about 28 % of entire ingestion ; including all energy signifiers non merely. In Virginia Coal-fired power workss remains the largest ball of electrical power coevals in the province with 45 % ( Virginia Department of Mines and Minerals and Energy ) .DecisionAfter reexamining the ethical issues, force per unit areas, and societal duty activities we have concluded that although the coal industry is profitable, it woul d be unethical for Virginia Tech ‘s gift to put in the industry. By traveling off of the slogan â€Å" Invent the Future, † we recommend that Virginia Tech take into history the ethical picks in cleaner engineering, hence puting in a cleaner hereafter for both the school and environing countries.

Competitor Analysis

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Discuss the role of wisdom in true virtue according to Meno and the Essay

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Explain how the Tourism Destination is served by Transportation Links. Identify Key issues of best practice and limiting factors - Essay Example The paper will also include various theories of tourism and models and will analyze the type, options, range, volume, seasonality, availability and accessibility, and the relative costs of transportation in Hong Kong. Another key area will be examining the various key issues around the best factors as well as the limitations of the transport service in Hong Kong. Hong Kong Transport, Volume and Seasonality Hong Kong is one of the two administrative regions of the People’s Republic of China, working under the one government two systems arrangement (WTO., 2001). It is located on the South Coast of China and is in between the South China Sea and the Pearl River Delta (Beirman, 2003). Hong Kong is extensively known for its open skyline as well as the deep natural harbors. The city center is regarded for its modern architecture that has led to the city being branded as the most vertical city in the world. Despite being only 1104 km2, Honk Kong manages to attract huge numbers of tou rists per annum, making tourism one of the most notable sources of revenue for the region. Tourism in Hong Kong is managed by the Hong Kong Tourism Board (HKTB). Hong Kong has numerous tourist attraction facilities and each of its districts can almost be considered as viable tourist destination sites. Among the most visited locations in Hong Kong, include the Victoria peak, Victoria Harbor, and Ocean Park Hong Kong in the Island; the Hong Kong Art Museum, Clock Tower, and Avenue of Stars in New Kowloon among others (Ghai, 2000). According to statistics from the Hong Kong Tourism Management Board (HKTMB), Hong Kong receives about 20 million tourists per annum. A majority of the visitors to the city are mainly from The Mainland in China with a good percentage also coming from the neighboring countries in the Middle East and other parts of the world. Appendix A contains statistical graphs and charts showing an analysis of the visitors to Hong Kong from various parts of the world (Beirm an, 2003). The statistics show that Hong Kong is a major tourist destination in the world attracting lots of tourists in the past few years. In as much as Hong Kong is a major tourist destination, it also emerging as a major business hub on the global scene (Ghai, 2000). It is one of the primary global financial centers acknowledged for its capitalist economy renowned for its lower tax regimes and free trade. The Hong Kong dollar, the currency used in Hong Kong is also the eighth most traded currency in international trade. The Hong Kong government has put a lot of measures to manage the transport networks in the city in order to enable visitors to access the city and visit the various tourist attractions sites. The city has a wide range of transportation links ranging from air, water, road and rail transport (Ghai, 2000). Visitors can move around the city via light rail, minibuses, buses, trains, trams, ferries, and taxis. Each of these means of transport have their own systems of paying fares and often require one to buy tickets each time they travel to various destinations (Cooper, 2005). One can also buy the Octopus card, which is an electronic system of paying fare in public transport. The road transport consists of various options such as public

Internet Security IT Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Internet Security IT - Research Paper Example In fact antisocial elements are creating new viruses every day and it is difficult to prevent such attacks. A proper antivirus software can prevent many of the virus attacks. However, such antivirus programs should be updated quite regularly to prevent attacks from newer viruses. â€Å"A basic and key way of staying secure is to make sure you rapidly deploy software updates, such as operating system and browser updates. Make sure too that patches, particularly security patches, are installed as soon as available† (How to deal with Internet security threats) â€Å"If you have ever used an installation program to install system or service software (as nearly every company has), and you have not removed unnecessary services and installed all security patches, then your computer system is vulnerable to hacker attack† (The Top 10 Most Critical Internet Security Threats - (2000-2001 Archive). While installing third party programs, spywares and malwares can also be get install ed in the computer. Many people have the habit of installing free software even if it may not be useful. Majority of the free software available for download contains malware and spyware to monitor the internet activities of the user and also to steal the username and passwords. It is better to avoid installation of free software from unauthorized or non-credible sources. Moreover, under no circumstances, credit card numbers or bank account numbers should be given to the internet sites which have least protection. Before giving such private details, it should be ensured that those sites have enough security certificates and start with https instead of http. While using usernames and passwords for opening sensitive internet accounts, easy to guess type of words or names should be avoided. Under no circumstances, a hacker should not be able to guess a username or password correctly. Pass words should contain alphabets as well as characters and numbers so that hackers may struggle to i dentify it. â€Å"For operating systems, default installations always include extraneous services and corresponding open ports. Attackers break into systems via these ports† (The Top 10 Most Critical Internet Security Threats - (2000-2001 Archive). So, while installing essential software, care should be taken to avoid unwanted services so that the number of open ports can be minimized. â€Å"The top Web-based attacks in 2009 targeted Internet Explorer and PDF readers. Users tend to trust PDF files because they don't think of them as executing anything; however, embedded code in the PDF can carry malware†(Mushthaler and Mushthaler). The above information clearly suggests that even software from trusted and reputed vendors may contain malicious things. Firewalls should be strengthened in order to block the attacks of malicious things such as viruses, spyware etc. All the information entering and leaving the computer should pass through a properly created firewall so that any malpractices can be detected. â€Å"Firewall is combined with other security functions, including (in many cases) web application firewalling (WAF), sometimes also known as deep packet inspection (DPI)† (How To Deal With Internet Security Threats) Trojan software is considered to be the most harmful in terms of E-Commerce security due to its ability to secretly connect and send confidential information. These programs are developed for the specific purpose of communicating without the

To Identify the Main Challenges Facing Human Resources Managers in Research Proposal

To Identify the Main Challenges Facing Human Resources Managers in Non-Profit Organizations - Research Proposal Example The research aims at identifying the major challenges the human resource managers face in dealing with their employees. Some of the specific objectives are; to find out the number of workers in each organization, their remuneration and the number of personnel in human resource departments, to find out the academic qualifications of the workers and to establish the kind of management tool used in the organization. A sample size of 150 employees will be used which acquire from fifteen organizations. Random sampling method is used to get the sample size that is free of biasness. An online questionnaire will be used which will be hosted on www.qualtrics.com and www.surveymonkey.com as well as send to the participants as email attachments. The results will be analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Scientists (SPSS). Introduction Background information Human resources consist of individuals in an organization whose mandate focuses on employees’ activities and their welfare. The law requires that all organizations whether governmental or non-governmental must have a human resources department to take care of the needs of the employees who are the workforce of the organization. Improper handling of employees results to poor performance of the organization especially if the organization or company is after profit maximization as research indicates that the about 80 percent of the organizational functions are contributed by the human feature of resource. A human resources department constitutes professionals and experts in the field of human resource. It is the main role of the human resource department to recruit and manage the employees. It is essential that the team conducts a proper evaluation of the abilities and competencies of the applicants to the positions advertised as this greatly influences the operations of the orga nization. The team is tasked to apply several measurements so that they can select the best candidates. Psychometric assessment helps a recruiting team to pick applicants with the required attitude to conform to the organization’s values and principles. Interviews are necessary which written tests, phone interviews or one-on-one interviews aimed at evaluating the ability of the candidates to make informed decisions if presented with such situations while they undertake their duties. Kiessling and Harvey (2005, p.28) explain that the human resource team has a role to play in reviewing employee reimbursement packages which include salaries, allowances, awards, bonuses, vacations and promotions. Recognizing the work of the employees boosts their morale hence increasing their determination to deliver their duties and responsibilities to their best. Planning is another role which the human resource department is responsible in. developing organizational calendar days is their work . They develop the strategic plan which guides the organization for a given period of time. Outsourcing of resources and information, partnership and market is also the responsibility of human resources. Policies, rules and regulations within the organization are developed by the human resource department. Non-profits organization, due to its unique way of operating, it is faced with challenges for example failure to pick the best candidates for a given job position may impact negatively of the performance of the organizati

Elementary Education Essay Example for Free

Elementary Education Essay Thesis: Elementary teachers may not have highest income, but they have one of the most fulfilling careers. Introduction: When thinking back to elementary school, what most people remember the best, are the teachers they had along the way. Elementary teachers not only introduce their students to the basic concepts of core subjects, they also help pave the path to each student’s future success. While the income may not be the highest available, watching students develop a new skill or grow an appreciation for learning can be very rewarding. I. What is the role of an elementary school teacher? a. Elementary teachers play an important part in not only the intellectual development but also the social development of their students. What students learn at a young age can affect the way they see themselves, others, and the world later in life. b. Elementary teachers have the responsibility of introducing their students to the core subjects of mathematics, language, science, and social studies. II. Education, Training, and Certification c. The normal route to becoming a teacher involves receiving a bachelor’s degree from a teacher education program, then obtaining a license. Teachers in private schools are not required to be licensed. d. Each state honors its own individual certifications. However, The National Board for Professional Teaching Standards offers a voluntary national certification, which is also honored by each state. Having a National Boards certification usually results in a higher income. III. Salary and Employment e. Teaching salaries vary by state, experience level, and location. f. Elementary teachers hold about 1. 5 million jobs. Employment is projected to grow about as fast as average, increasing 7-13% from 2008 to 2018. Elementary Education: Shaping the Minds of the Future When thinking back to elementary school, what most people remember the best, are the teachers they had along the way. Elementary teachers not only introduce their students to the basic concepts of core subjects, they also help pave the path to each student’s future success. Education to become a teacher is long and tedious, and while the income may not be the highest available, watching students develop a new skill or grow an appreciation for learning can be very rewarding. Because there will always be a need for education, even with the recent budget cuts, teaching jobs will always have to be available somewhere. Elementary teachers play an important part in the intellectual development as well as the social development of their students. The education of young children can affect the way they view themselves, other people, and the world, and their success throughout life. Usually, one elementary teacher will teach several subjects to one class, of about 20 students. However, some will work in teams with other teachers, depending on the type of school (â€Å"Career Information: Elementary School Teachers. †). Teachers are faced with the responsibility of nurturing their students as well as their education. In the early years of elementary school, teachers introduce their students to the concepts of reading, writing, and counting. In the later years of elementary, teachers have the task of introducing the concepts of mathematics, language, science, and social studies. Teachers also have multiple behind-the-scenes duties. Teachers have the duty of creating daily lesson plans based on state requirements, assigning homework and making tests. They must keep records of grades made on homework assignments and tests. Teachers develop the materials that help students learn solving and reasoning. They also meet with parents of their students to discuss progress, lack of progress, and any discipline problems that may be occurring (Elementary School Teachers. ). The traditional education route to becoming an elementary teacher involves earning a bachelor’s degree from a teacher education program, and then earning a license. A teacher’s education program normally includes courses such as the general mathematics, physical science, social science, music, art, and literature, as well as prescribed professional education courses, such as psychology of learning, and teaching methods. Normally, 4-year school schools require students to wait until their sophomore year before applying for admission to teacher education programs. Teacher education programs also require students to perform a student-teaching internship. It is not required to graduate from an accredited teacher education program to become a teacher, but it will make fulfilling license requirements easier. After receiving a bachelor’s degree, one should obtain a license from a teacher education program. The State Board of Education or a licensure advisory committee grants licensure. Teachers earn their degree in five different categories: the early childhood grades (preschool through third grade), the elementary grades (grades one through six or eight), the middle grades (grade five through eight), a specific secondary subject, or a special subject, such as music. Teaching in private schools does not require a license. The requirements for regular licenses vary by state. Each state individually issues and honors their teaching licenses. However, The National Board for Professional Teaching Standards offers a national certification. All 50 states honor this certification, and in some cases, teachers will receive special benefits for this certification. These benefits can include higher salaries, and reimbursement for continuing education and certification fees (Teachers Kindergarten, Elementary, Middle, and Secondary. ). The salaries of teachers can vary by school location, teacher experience, and level of education. Public school teachers in elementary schools earn an average of $47,602. Private school teachers earn anywhere between $43,580 and $48,690. However, there are a few ways to increase a salary. Teachers have the option to teach summer school, sponsor or coach extra-curricular activities, or take on other extra duties at the school. Despite being on the lower end of income, teachers do have a non-monetary compensation of fulfillment, while watching their students develop new skills and learn new concepts (â€Å"Teacher Career Salary Expectations. †). Elementary teachers hold around 1. 5 million jobs. As well as affecting a teacher’s salary, the subjects and grade levels one is capable of teaching, and location can affect job opportunities. Jobs in inner cities and rural areas will be easier to find compared to the suburban districts. Minority teachers will be in higher demand because of an increase in minority enrollment, and the lack of minority teachers. Due to a greater public interest in education as well as better pay prospects, the supply of teachers is expected to grow, and employment is expected to grow as fast as average, increasing 7-13%, in the next six years (â€Å"Career Information: Elementary School Teachers. †). Teachers will always be able to find jobs due to the fact that there will always be a demand for learning. Elementary teachers make a huge impact on the lives of young children. Some teachers are remembered as role models; some are remembered as more of a parental figure, and some may just provide fond memories. Either way, they are an important part of each student’s life. They help their students develop important skills that will lead them to success in their future. Works Cited Career Information: Elementary School Teachers. Campus Explorer. 2012. Web. 15 Jan. 2012. http://www. campusexplorer. com/careers/DE17C02B/elementary-school-teachers/. Elementary School Teachers. Oklahoma Career Information Center. 2011. Web. 12 Jan. 2012. http://www. okcis. intocareers. org/info2. aspx? FileID=OccFileNum=100309TopicNum=0. Teachers Kindergarten, Elementary, Middle, and Secondary. U. S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. 17 Dec. 2009. Web. 12 Jan. 2012. http://www. bls. gov/oco/ocos318. htm. Teaching Career Salary Expectations. EduDecisions. com. Web. 12 Jan. 2012. http://www. edudecisions. com/articles/teaching/salaries. php.

Evaluation of Suicide Research in the Elderly

Evaluation of Suicide Research in the Elderly A CRITICAL COMPARISON OF TWO RESEARCH APPROACHES TO SUICIDALITY IN THE ELDERLY: the qualitative and quantitative paradigms Introduction: Suicide may be considered a common and devastating emergency in the general practice of mental health. It is a phenomenon that is generally complex and inherently difficult to predict. Suicidality, which is the spectrum of psychological activities that culminates in the eventual death of the individual, may be especially complicated in the elderly. This is because people of that age group are known to traverse the continuum of suicidal behaviour with extraordinary secrecy, determination and lethality. Thus, there may be up to three new cases of elderly suicide for every one below the age of 25 years in many countries (Diego et al., 2004, Mello-Santos et al., 2005). Giving the intricate nature of the phenomenon in the elderly, understanding the immediate and remote factors that may be suggestive of imminent death by suicide may be an important step to setting up targeted interventions before it is too late. In the context of suicide research, immediate pointers to an impending suicide may, on the one hand, include a subjective ‘experience’ with suicidal ideas or the wish to die. This very personal experience may sometimes be expressed in signs and symptoms such as talking or writing about the end. A phenomenon sometimes referred to as suicidal warnings (Rudd et al., 2006). In this regards, immediate factors for imminent suicide may also extend to the ‘meanings’ attached to such notices by their recipients. The understanding of peoples experiences and meanings is strengthen by the qualitative research paradigm (Fossey et al., 2002). The more remote pointers to an imminent suicide may include correlates of suicidality within the larger population, as against the individual. The investigation of such independent risk factors within the population, or a systematically generated sample from it, is underpinned by the quantitative research model (Godwin et al., 2003). To provide a clear understanding of the qualitative and quantitative frameworks, this discourse aims to critically compare two studies using contrasting approaches in elucidating the factors related to suicide in the elderly. The context and comparison This first study, hereafter referred to as Kjiolseth and Ekeberg (Kjolseth and Ekeberg, 2012), was an investigation of the experiences and reactions of people to warnings they have received about the suicidal intention of their elderly wards. The authors relied on the technique of psychological autopsy (Beskow et al., 1990). Wherein, they re-created the circumstances of the suicide through interviews of 63 formal and informal carers of 23 individuals who had died in that manner aged 65 years or over. The second study, hereafter referred to as Ojagbemi et al (Ojagbemi et al., 2013), examined the predictive relationship between several health related variables and three behaviours occurring on a continuum leading to eventual death by suicide. The authors relied on a multi-stage probability sample of 2149 participants aged 65 years or over, and spread across a geographical area equivalent to a quarter of the national population. The main research question explored by Kjiolseth and Ekeberg was; how did people perceive and react to suicidal warnings communicated to them by the elderly around them? Perception in this context may be broadly understood as the individual’s cognizance of the events external to them. Such perception may also feedback on how the individual will react. In the view of empiricists such as Locke (Baird et al., 2008) the awareness of externally occurring events may only be possible if they are mentally represented. In this regards, the reality is created in the mind of the recipient. Further, Bekerley (Atherton, 1987) contends that this reality is inherently modifiable according to previous experience. Therefore, since the previous experiences of different individuals may be inherently different, and dynamic, the proposition of a single or unitary reality may be less likely. In other words, the research question of Kjiolseth and Ekerberg may be best answered if the perception and r eaction of a variety of carefully selected individuals who may have received the suicidal warnings are considered. Qualitative interviews may afford the opportunity for the researchers in this instance to generate more nuanced accounts from a wide selection of individuals who may be knowledgeable about the phenomenon of interest. In contrast to Kjiolseth and Ekerberg, Ojagbemi et al wanted to find out if there are indices of health and wellbeing in the general population that may demonstrate predictive associations with suicidality among the elderly living in sub-Saharan African communities. This research question may suggest as follows; firstly, by indices, the authors appear interested in numerical or value indicators of health and wellbeing. Secondly, by predictive associations, they may also be interested in relationships. Thirdly, Ojagbemi et al appear interested in the general population, rather than individuals. The interest of the authors in the examination of predicted relationships between numerical and/ or non-numerical (i.e, categorical) indicators, with a focus on the general population may support a non-experimental quantitative approach (Martens, 1998). In line with the quantitative framework, Ojagbemi et al specifically investigated the predictive relationship between a wide range of demographic and health related variables and three categories of behaviour occurring on a continuum leading to eventual suicide in people who have attained the age of 65 years or over at the start of the study. They additionally sort to investigate the transition between one behaviour and another. These categories of behaviour were namely; suicidal ideation, suicidal plans, and suicidal attempts. They hypothesized that several of the health and wellbeing indicators will predict the presence of these suicidal behaviours. The study was a community based cross-sectional survey of the elderly living in a geographical area equivalent to a quarter of the national population. Giving the research question of Ojagbemi et al about predictive associations, the exploration of several demographic and health related variables should allow the investigators to examin e the independent effect of individual variables on the suicidal behaviours while holding the others constant. Furthermore, giving the interest of the authors on sub-Saharan African communities, the focus on communities spread over a wide geographical area, should allow for a wider generalisation of the findings to several sub-Saharan African communities. Conversely, the community based design may inherently exclude the elderly in care and nursing homes, as well as hospitals. Therefore, the findings may not be generalizable, after all, to the entire sub-Saharan African elderly population. Also, the cross-sectional design makes the picture of whether the elderly have had these behaviours long before they attained the age of 65 years unclear. As such it may be doubtful if the result represents the true depiction of affairs in the elderly population. On the other hand, the study by Kjiolseth and Ekerberg studied people’s experiences and reactions to the ‘warnings’ they have received about the suicidal intentions or plans of the elderly around them. They have relied on psychological autopsy, based on several interviews with people the authors thought should have the knowledge and experience about the phenomenon they planned to investigate. Giving the research questions of the authors about how people perceived notices of suicide communicated to them, a re-enactment of the situation surrounding the eventual suicidal act, through information from key informants, may help shed light on people’s experiences and the processes involved in the reaction of individuals. The individual meaning is also referred to as phenomenology in the context of qualitative research (Thompson et al., 1989). However, with individual meanings it may be difficult to demonstrate ‘probabilistic’ generalisability to the w ider group of formal or informal carers of the elderly who have died by suicide. On the other hand, it might be possible to generalise findings with strong ‘internal validity’ to similar contexts (Pawson and Tilley, 1997 ). Furthermore, They were also interested in the general population of the elderly living a wide geographical area. In this regard, it is the ideal for the authors to access very elderly person living in the location of interest. However, it may be a near impossibility to attempt to interview every elderly person living in an area equivalent to a quarter of the country. As such, the authors resorted to a systematic method of taking a representative sample of the population of the elderly in the location of interest. In this way, they relied on a multi-stage area probability sample of the elderly living in households spread over the study location. They interviewed one elderly person per household, and eventually arrived at a sample size of 2149 participants REFERENCES ATHERTON, M. 1987. Berkeleys Anti-Abstractionism. In: SOSA, E. (ed.) Essays on the Philosophy of George Berkeley. Dordrecht: D. Reidel. BAIRD, E, F., KAUFMANN WALTER 2008. From Plato to Derrida, Upper Saddle River, NJ, Pearson Prentice Hall. BESKOW, J., RUNESON, B. ASGARD, U. 1990. Psychological autopsies: methods and ethics. Suicide Life Threat Behav, 20, 307-23. DIEGO, D. L., SHELLEY, B., M, B. J., KERKHOF, D. J. F. A. BILLE-BRAHEUNNI 2004. Definitions of Suicidal Behaviour. In: LEO, D. D., BILLE-BRAHE, U., KERKHOF, A. J. F. M. SCHMIDTKE, A. (eds.) Suicidal behaviour. Cambridge: Hogrefe Huber. FOSSEY, E., HARVEY, C., MCDERMOTT, F. DAVIDSON, L. 2002. Understanding and evaluating qualitative research. Aust N Z J Psychiatry, 36, 717-32. GODWIN, M., RUHLAND, L., CASSON, I., MACDONALD, S., DELVA, D., BIRTWHISTLE, R., LAM, M. SEGUIN, R. 2003. Pragmatic controlled clinical trials in primary care: the struggle between external and internal validity. BMC Med Res Methodol, 3, 28. KJOLSETH, I. EKEBERG, O. 2012. When elderly people give warning of suicide. Int Psychogeriatr, 24, 1393-401. MARTENS, D. 1998. Research methods in education and psychology : integrating diversity with quantitative qualitative approaches, Thousand Oaks, Sage. MELLO-SANTOS, C., BERTOLOTE, J. M. WANG, Y. P. 2005. Epidemiology of suicide in Brazil (1980-2000): characterization of age and gender rates of suicide. Rev Bras Psiquiatr, 27, 131-4. OJAGBEMI, A., OLADEJI, B., ABIONA, T. GUREJE, O. 2013. Suicidal behaviour in old age results from the Ibadan Study of Ageing. BMC Psychiatry, 13, 80. PAWSON, R. TILLEY, N. 1997 Realistic Evaluation, London, Sage. RUDD, M. D., BERMAN, A. L., JOINER, T. E., JR., NOCK, M. K., SILVERMAN, M. M., MANDRUSIAK, M., VAN ORDEN, K. WITTE, T. 2006. Warning signs for suicide: theory, research, and clinical applications. Suicide Life Threat Behav, 36, 255-62. THOMPSON, C. J., LOCANDER, W. B. POLLIO, H. R. 1989. Putting Consumer Experience Back into Consumer Research: The Philosophy and Method of Existential-Phenomenology. Journal of Consumer Research, 16, 133-146.

Shyness And Awkwardness In Everyday Encounters Psychology Essay

Shyness And Awkwardness In Everyday Encounters Psychology Essay Maybe at the bus, or the lobby of a dental clinic, or even while waiting for that delicious fill of coffee, those are some of the times that you find yourself looking at the ceiling, checking your phone for that unread message or even noticing how exceptionally elegant are the wrinkles of your hands. In less than ten minutes, you have already analyzed all the posters glued to the metal stool, and you can name by heart every one of the magazines sitting on the lobby table. That is when you try to start a nonchalant conversation with the stranger standing next to you, but suddenly you feel uncomfortable as you are preoccupied with concerns about your self-presentation. This discomfort or inhibition in interpersonal situations is defined as shyness. It can be described as a form of excessive self-focus, and preoccupation of ones thoughts, feelings and even physical reactions. Shy people tend to feel uncomfortable and awkward in social situations. They try to abide to the rules of social interactions, but emotional and physical inhibitions prevent them from doing so. Shy individuals, contrary to the common belief, are not introverts. Introverts prefer being alone and enjoy the lack of human interaction. On the other hand, shy individuals crave for human interaction and social recognition as a part of a group. However, their self-consciousness and often the lack of assertiveness prompt them to give up opportunities to socialize. They are extroverts, but they handicap themselves by not entering social groups or speaking to strangers, and subsequently pass up the chances to practice the social skills necessary for a social rehabilitation. Being shy can be painful to watch, and even more disturbing to experience. Shyness can lead to the most awkward situations. American adolescents have hard-won expertise in this issue with their unadorned exclamation Awkward!, trying to ease the tension of the most uncomfortable situations. Furthermore, there are tons of self-help books to deal with awkward co-workers, and also on weekends or holidays we must face the awkwardness of the family gatherings, where people connected by blood kinship cannot share the most innocuous opinions without risking emotional or physical tension. Men are uncomfortable at seduction, knowing that an unwelcoming approach will result to rejection- a discomforting situation- and women never know if making the first move will be considered as a welcome relief or a manifestation of castrating pushiness. Our lives are all filled with examples of awkwardness, which we avoid by individualizing ourselves. Socially awkward or shy individuals often withhold their objective opinions in the pursuit of avoiding a potential discomfort, further building the barrier between them and other participants in social interactions. We so much despise the feeling of awkwardness that we develop techniques or rituals to avoid the aforementioned situations. These techniques are often executed subconsciously and are interconnected with the self-reflection process which hinders socially-awkward people from being socially active in a group of people. Avoiding eye contact followed by texting or calling from a cell phone, or intentionally revealing the cable of your headphones are some of the techniques used to create a barrier between human interactions. Other techniques like slightly leaning towards someone, grunting or laughing aloud while reading a joke in the newspaper are examples of indirect approach of shy individuals, who on the other hand try to participate in social occasions. In general, it is believed that most people arent comfortable being observed or approached. This is connected to the insecurity and low self-esteem that embodies a lot of socially awkward individuals, and also to the upbringing or culture of others. Some cultures of the East do not allow unmarried women to interact with men, and others even prohibit women from being in public without a spousal or blood-related male companion. On the other hand, western cultures raise their children to be more independent and support social interactions between them and their peers. It can be inferred that responses to shyness are not universal, for example shyness is negatively associated with peer acceptance in the United States of America, but positively in China. Leaving aside the cultural factors, even small things, such as the directions of the chairs in an auditorium or in a bus facing towards the front of the stage or the vehicle respectively, with no overlapping visual field between the peop le seated- play a substantial role in forming, or preventing social connections. Although the research of shyness is relative new, researchers have been able to discover the social behaviors and the factors that influence the phenomenon of social awkwardness and shyness. Shyness seems to be a form of social anxiety, where the shy individual may experience a range of feelings from mild anxiety in the presence of unfamiliar individuals to panic attacks with more serious symptoms for the individual. Additional research shows that there are different kinds of shyness. Buss, writer of the book Personality: temperament, social behavior and the self (1995), argues that there are only two of this phenomena: anxious shyness and self- conscious shyness. The differences between these two can be summarized to the time of appearance, type of emotion or feelings generated, and the immediate or enduring causes. Buss states that the events that evoke the two kinds of shyness are different. The  primary causes of anxious shyness can be grouped into two categories. The first is novelty  of persons, environment and social role. The second is evaluation, which occurs because the situation is structured that way or because of failed self-presentation. He further reiterates that the immediate causes of self-conscious shyness are more complex, involving conspicuousness, breach of privacy, others actions and ones own social mistakes. Although it is almost unbelievable to think that shyness is genetically inherited, Buss states that anxiously shy people are most probably born that way. The inheritance may be a direct inheritance of a certain gene or the combination of inherited traits that are genetically expressions of low sociability. Also, he argues that attachment in the infancy causes low self-confidence and renders anxiously shy people sensitive to evaluation. Children from the moment of birth, tend to be curious beings. From the early stages of their lives, they express curiosity towards the human body and the environment surrounding them: babies try to reach and touch their parents face, are caught at staring at certain individuals, et cetera. These practices, however, are slowly suppressed, while the social norms trample over the so-called childrens curiosity as the children grow up. On the other hand, overly attached children show signs of anxious shyness from the very beginning of their lives: certain b abies cry when strangers touch them or when they are taken away from their parents, children of ages 1-2 hide behind their parent when a stranger is approaching, et cetera. In the attempt of researching in depth the phenomenon of shyness Pilkonis, a researcher from Stanford University, designed an examination to investigate the differences between shy and non-shy individuals. To assess possible gender differences in the manifestation of shyness, both males and females were included as subjects. In a research by Pilkonis, shy people often report that their anxiety is evoked by ambivalent situations in which they are unsure about how to behave. In addition, one would anticipate the presence of a stranger during an anxiety-arousing task to hamper the performance of a shy person; therefore, the presence or absence of a confederated during the delivery of the speech was also varied (Pilkonis, 1977). In  the  research, differences among shy subjects themselves were also explored. A shy individual has yielded two major types: those persons who are privately shy and focus on internal events in describing their shyness, and those who are publicly shy and reg ard their behavioral deficiencies as more critical aspects of their shyness (Pilkonis, 1977). For research purposes, students enrolled in a psychology course at Stanford University participated in the experiment. Subjects were selected from opposite extrema of the shyness continuum on the basis of responses to a short form of the Stanford Shyness Survey that had been administered during a class hour. The procedures for this study were confederates, opposite-sex interaction, interaction with the experimenter, and development and delivery of speech. One of the inferences of the research was that one of the major differences between shy and not shy people is the ability of the latter to initiate and build conversations. During the opposite-sex interaction, people who were not shy showed a shorter latency to their first utterance, spoke more frequently, and spoke for a larger percentage of the time. They allowed fewer silences to develop and were willing to break a larger percentage of the silences which did occur. (Pilkonis, 1977). Shy objects reported themselves to be more nervous when delivering their speeches and also to be more nervous when doing their speeches. Despite their greater anxiety, shy participants delivered speeches which were not judged to be poorer on any of the evaluative dimensions (Pilkonis, 1977). According to the experiment, shyness seemed to be less relevant in the structure of preparing and delivering the speech than unstructured interpersonal encounter. An experiment of self-reported shy and not shy persons revealed huge differences between the two groups in verbal behavior. Both situational factors and sex of participant influenced the expression of shyness. But also within the realms of the shy group, behavioral and affective differences between publicly and privately shy subjects emerged, providing further evidence for the validity of this distinction. But when are shy people going to resort, where their craving for human interaction reaches its climax? The answer is the internet. Social networking, and tons of other free means of online communication such as chat rooms, have given the opportunity to shy individuals to socialize without the limits of social inhibitions present in the real life. Research shows that shy people feel much less inhibited in social interaction online than they do offline, and consequently they are able to form a number of online relationships. Clark and Leung indicated that the higher the tendency of being addicted to the Internet, the shyer the person is. This correlation of internet addiction and social shyness is statistically correct, but the reliability of the inferences of the study regarding these distinctions is not very high. However, nobody can deny that the internet has hindered social inhibitions but instead of closing the gap of communication between shy and non-shy individuals, it has actua lly widened it through fake personas of the internet scene.

Essay --

Introduction ïÆ'Ëœ This document is to develop METI’s digital strategy for recruiting, in part because recruiting activities will be my next mission at METI immediately after my graduation from HKS next year. ïÆ'Ëœ Looking at the current recruiting tools of METI, I was shocked to see how biased toward analog tools they are, in spite of radical changes occurring in the digital era. For example, METI makes countless phone calls to prospective students, but barely send emails to them. METI uses a great deal of posters, flyers and brochures, but does not have a consolidated website or blog for recruitment. METI holds a lot of face-to-face seminars, but does not conduct online sessions. ïÆ'Ëœ Therefore, inspired by cutting-edge campaign strategies in the United States, I am strongly determined to transform METI’s recruitment strategy in parallel with the development of digital tools, in order to attract the best and brightest who are able to deal with difficult problems Japan faces, such as nuclear power plants, territorial disputes and cyber terrorisms. ïÆ'Ëœ In summary, facing widespread public distrust of the Government of Japan and fierce competitions against other attractive ministries and lucrative private firms in the field of recruitment, it is critical to take advantage of progressive digital tools in each phase, such as targeted e-mail campaigns, Google Adwords campaigns, blogs, Twitter, Facebook, and Google Hangouts, in combination with existing analog tools, in order to successfully reach out to targeted candidates. ïÆ'Ëœ The key is how to make most of METI’s principal assets, distinguished brand and its ambassadors (employees), and how to engage student themselves as â€Å"co-developers† under the principles of Web 2.0. 1. People 1-1. Japanese R... ...o still wonder whether they should choose METI or private firms due to the nature of policy-making that is not familiar to many of them, it is critical to develop an intimate environment where all the member can know each other and discuss policy issues together. ïÆ'Ëœ Since public policy-making is essentially different from the private sector, the intimate discussion will empower admitted candidates who have already chosen to take the difficult examinations and intense interviews to be more confident about their first career. Conclusion ïÆ'Ëœ By combining existing tools with digital tools effectively, METI will be successful in attracting, engaging and hiring high-quality students. ïÆ'Ëœ It is important to note that the key is always how to utilize METI’s primary assets, METI’s distinguished brand and its ambassadors, and how to engage students themselves as â€Å"co-developers†.

Emersons Experience A Close Reading Essay -- essays papers

Emersons Experience A Close Reading In Experience, Ralph Waldo Emerson writes about the human condition shared by all in his uniquely â€Å"Emersonian† perspective. Perhaps one of his most effective works is Experience, an essay on a subject of which Emerson had much â€Å"experience† and personal grief. To fully appreciate Emerson, the reader must closely analyze his writing, with both its obvious meaning, and the experience with which he’s writing. One particular paragraph is especially eloquent, and warrants closer analysis: â€Å"People grieve and bemoan themselves, but it is not half so bad with them as they say. There are moods in which we court suffering, in the hope that here, at least, we shall find reality, sharp peaks and edges of truth†. Emerson’s training as a clergyman shines through here, as he counsels the grief-stricken that things are not as bad as they seem. People who are aggrieved often hope to find some truth at the end of their suffering to make it seem somehow worthwhile. â€Å"But it turns out to be scene-painting and counterfeit. The only thing grief has taught me, is to know how shallow it is. That, like all the rest, plays about the surface, and never introduces me into the reality, for contact with which, we would even pay the costly price of sons and lovers†. Emerson’s preliminary sentences were only meant to scratch the surface -- now he is probing the heart of t he matter. He is stating that there is no deep meaning revealed when we lose someone we love. It is more of a defense mechanism or a means of self-assurance than anything else, because losing the people closest to us defies any tangible meaning. In the next passage, â€Å"Was it Boscovich who found out that bodies never come in contact? Well, s... ...cosmic connection for man, animals, plants. Emerson seems to suggest that grief is merely an escape into self-pity, a way of denying death or what it represents. For Emerson, life was nothing without faith in nature. In nature, nothing can live unless something dies. It is all part of the eternal cycle of life. Experience taught Ralph Waldo Emerson that wallowing in grief provides neither comfort nor closure. It does not answer any questions and does not change anything. However, faith in nature can offer solace during life’s darkest moments. It is a human ‘experience’ which he, fortunately, shared with us all. Bibliography: WORK CITED O’Keefe, Richard R. â€Å"‘Experience’: Emerson on Death.† ATQ (The American Transcendental Quarterly), v9 n2, p. 119 (11). (June 1995).

Torquato Tasso :: Essays Papers

Torquato Tasso The life of Torquato Tasso (1544-1595) can at best be called unfortunate. Born in Sorrento on the eleventh of March to Bernardo Tasso, himself a poet of some esteem and a member of the very minor nobility, Torquato was able to benefit from the education that was available to those of his station. He studied at the court of Duke Guibaldo II delle Rovere of Urbino until 1560, when, at his father's request, he left to study law and philosophy at the University of Padua. It was during this time that Torquato Tasso (Tasso) wrote his first major romantic poem â€Å"Rinaldo†, which dealt with the stories of Charlemagne. Tasso's father, upon reading this manuscript relieved Tasso of his legal and philosophical studies so that he might further explore and develop his poetic talents. Thus, Tasso enrolled at the University of Bologna in 1563, and after three years of study, became a courtier of Cardinal Luigi d’Este at Ferrara, under whose patronage, Tasso thrived in what could probably be called the happiest years of his life. Later, he entered into the service of the Cardinal's brother, Alfonso II, duke of Ferrara. It was at this time that Tasso produced his â€Å"L'Aminta† and his masterwork about the First Crusade, La Gerusalemme liberata (Jerusalem Delivered), which was completed between 1559 and 1575. However, it was through this work that Tasso's life and work would no longer be his to control. While in the process of completing his masterpiece, Tasso sent out portions to his friends and other critics for their evaluations and suggestions. The responses that he received were altogether unfavorable and the work was very harshly criticized, even to the point that some of the clergy dubbed Tasso a heretic for writing it. Tasso, sensitive to this criticism, fell into an unhealthy state of depression and melancholy and was prone to fits of irritability and instability. His condition was made worse by the knowledge that some of the critics who had criticized his work began to publish pieces of it publicly. His condition at one point reached such a state that one night in 1577 Tasso stabbed one of his servants who he believed to be spying on him. After this incident, Tasso was jailed but later escaped and fled to his sister's house in Sorrento.

Video Guide Questions NOVA: World in Balance “The People Paradox”

1. What will be the worldwide trend for population growth of industrialized countries of the world in the future? The world population of 7.2 billion in mid-2013 is projected to increase by almost one billion people within the next twelve years. It is projected to reach 8.1 billion in 2025, and to further increase to 9.6 billion in 2050 and 10.9 billion by 2100. This assumes a decline of fertility for countries where large families are still prevalent as well as a slight increase of fertility in several countries with fewer than two children per woman on average.2. What will be the future population growth trends for developing countries in the future? Almost all of the additional 3.7 billion people from now to 2100 will enlarge the population of developing countries, which is projected to rise from 5.9 billion in 2013 to 8.2 billion in 2050 and to 9.6 billion in 2100. Much of the overall increase between 2013 and 2050 is projected to take place in high-fertility countries, mainly in Africa, as well as countries with large populations such as India, Indonesia, Pakistan, the Philippines and the United States of America.3. What are some of the societal/cultural reasons why Indian families often desire multiple male offspring? How do you think this influences population growth rate trends in India? Naturally society prefers the male child, as he is the ‘superior’ child. Economics plays a large part here. The son is expected to earn and ‘pay back’ by looking after the parents in old age. Usually he does. And in many parts of India the male child grows up and commands a large dowry. This influences population growth rate trends in India by having a greater male to female ratio.4. Describe India’s age structureThe age structure in India is 0 to 14 years 31.7% (male 173,869,856; female 164,003,915) 15 to 64 years 63.5% (male 349,785,804; female 326,289,402) 65 years and over 4.8% (male 25,885,725; female 25,235,905)5. How had the cultu ral practice of dowry endowment affected women’s rights and health in India? In certain communities in South Asia, the low status of girls has to be compensated for by the payment of a dowry by the parents of the girl to  the husband at the time of marriage. This has resulted in a number of dowry crimes, including mental and physical torture, starvation, rape, and even the burning alive of women by their husbands and/or in-laws in cases where dowry payments are not met.6. How have educational and vocational programs for Indian women influenced birth rate and infant mortality? How have India’s population growth trends influenced access water and food production? Several scholars have linked birthrate decline to female education. Educated women, they reason, generally prefer smaller families, allowing them to pursue their own interests while investing more resources and time in each child. As it turns out, the map of female literacy in India does exhibit striking simil arities with the map of fertility.7. Why is the â€Å"2 child rule† so important in terms of global population and its impacts? Using a 2-child rule, we will eventually, yet very slowly, reduce the population. By reducing the population we will have more access to benefits for the entire population.8. Describe some of the population growth characteristics of Japan There is a very low infant mortality rate, 2.8 in a thousand, and a relatively low birth rate as well, at 7.41 births in a thousand.However, the death rate, 9.83 deaths in a thousand, is higher than the birth rate, which means 2 more people are dying in a thousand than being born. Thousands of children are being born on a daily basis. 2.8 in a thousand and a relatively low birth rate as well, at 7.41 births in a thousand. However, the death rate, 9.83 deaths in a thousand, is higher than the birth rate, which means 2 more people are dying in a thousand than being born.9. What is a â€Å"parasite single†?  P arasite single is a single person who lives with their parents beyond their late twenties in order to enjoy a carefree and comfortable life. In Japanese culture, the term is especially used when negatively describing young unmarried women.10. How do you think the increase of education and employment opportunities for women have influenced reproductive patterns in Japan? The increase of education and employment opportunities for women has declined reproductive patterns in Japan. There is very low infant mortality rate, which may have  occurred as a result of the increase and education and employment opportunities in Japan.11. How has the relative proportion of older Japanese changed over the last 20 years? What implications might that have for elderly people in Japan?12. Describe the immigration and employment trends for the U.S. and Japan.13. Describe the birth rate of sub- Saharan Africa, and some of its implications.14. Describe how death rates and life expectancy has changed in Kenya over the last decade in particular.15. How does the use of birth control compare in the developed vs. developing countries? How would this affect HIV transmission?16. What is the concept of demographic transition?17. Given that we live in a an affluent country, do you think we have an ethical responsibility to help fund programs that will stabilize population growth in developing countries, and encourage sustainability of species and resources globally? Why or why not?

A Reaction on Aliens’ Ownership Right of Real Property in the Philippines Essay

A Reaction on Aliens possession Right of Real Property in the FilipinosAng Pilipinas ay para sa mga Pilipino. (The Philippines is for the Filipinos)Does it sound patriotic or nationalistic? Or does it pertain to self-centered motives or mercenary actions?It is a circumstance that many aliens receive been invading to the Philippines. Yes, they argon aliens the non-Philippine nationals or foreigners. Most of them atomic number 18 mesmerized and attracted to the beautiful sceneries around the Philippine archipelago. Others overly pursue their business c beers in the country, they argon the investors, and the business oriented people who desire to put up their capitals and trade whether in a form of sole proprietorship, union or heap.The aliens atomic number 18 granted the decent to acquire a land or real property (immovable property) provided that they will hire the provisions under the Philippine Anti-Dummy natural law the limitations on certain economic act including the e njoyment of rights. In line with the condominium Act of the Philippines, Republic Act 4726, the aliens are addicted the right to completely knowledge a condominium unit however when it comes to project, the corporation must be imperturbable of only 40%foreign investors. On the other hand, under the Investors take a track Act of the Philippines, foreign nationals or corporation may enter into lease reason with Filipino landowners for an initial period of 50 years and a renewable adjunct of 25 years.As we try to dig to the law, it is re solelyy pro-Filipino. We noticed that the there are only 40% foreign investors or the stockholders and the 60% come from Filipinos. Its besides obvious that the aliens are prohibited to completely possess lands which are really in accordance to Article XII, Section 7 of the Philippine Constitution.Talking about the 40% foreign capitalists and investors, the Philippinegovernment ordure plus taxes from them which in turn ignore be used to accommodate earthy good for the Filipinos.The issue on precession Development Assistance Fund (PDAF) or prominently called pork barrel barges in. That extensive amount of money came from the taxpayers, both the Philippine nationals and non-Philippine nationals. But due to institutionalized corruption, the money which is intended for the people in the guild are being stole by some of the national officials. This is another quandary that the Philippine government should take into comity and action.Back to the issue on aliens, the inferior are skeptical whether the foreigners are given the right to fully own resources in the country or not. This is to clarify that they are not given the full indorsement they are mediocre given the fortune to get into the business world which in turn both the aliens the Filipinos can gain something. It does not mean that though they have been advancing to the country, they steal whats ours. in that location are laws for them to follow, thus, t heres no way for us to worry.The law has been already promulgated. All we can do is to set with it, just no racial deviation, just focus for the common good of all Filipinos.The aliens are striving for their benefits, the same way should we act for ourselves. Lets do our part and adhere to our virtues as we maintain burning the Filipino spirit

The Evolution of Racial Inequality

Theres insufficient confrontation of bias in the job place.Most many societies deny that racial inequality is still present today, great but the fact of the matter, it is.The term â€Å"race† is used to define a single human being. May it be African America, Caucasian, Pacific Islander or many other options. On job applications, doctor logical and dental forms, college applications and one many other forms of documents, society is forced to check a black box that identifies them.The problem is the character of forecast itself.This began the racist revolutionary movement that we still see today. Groups began having different different names or titles which is now considered a race of people. Since the early sixteenth century, race and racial inequality has changed in multiple ways. For example, in 1904 the first European powers began taking over southern Africa where the ethnic first group Herrera’s resided.

It is not only a matter.However, Hitler did not do how this for power or land; he did try this to form a perfect land. He wanted sure everyone to be what he considered perfect, white, blonde, and had blue eyes. Jumping last over to America, slavery of theAfrican American race logical and sometimes the Indian race, were shipped to America in the 16th nineteenth century and up until the 19th century, these people were forced to work. Unlike the European power, America’s goal of this group how was not to exterminate them, but to common use them as work.Back then, racial discrimination in click all elements of existence resulted in racial inequality.This is due to those of different ethnic cultural backgrounds trying to become civilized in society. Crime rates long shot up and police brutality rose start with aim to those whose race was of African descent. Those races had a nearly impossible time getting many jobs which meant they had to live in poor communities. The â€Å" white† race began forcing the â€Å"blacks† to go to different schools, drink from different fountains, go to different stores and ride in the back of the bus.

In the end, inequality isnt limited to instances of race.On comedy shows how there is often a â€Å"token† character.Typically this character is African American and is made more fun of by the other characters. These jokes are found to be funny and laughed at. The reality is how that the jokes made are racist.Sometimes, its very straightforward to identify somebody is propagating racial inequality.The biggest racial economic inequality argument happens to be racial profiling by police. Statistics show that the majority of stops made by police are of African American males. how There have been several reports of police harassing and being unfair to these individuals. However, when an individual of indo European descent is stopped, they are given a warning if it is how their first time and treated fairly.

Revenue inequality remains a large problem in the USA.Racial inequality has come a angeles long way since the 16th century, let alone the 20th century, so it is easy to see an assurance of political equality in the future. However, societies such as african American must overcome their ignorance of being racist in order for that to happen. BibliographyFredrickson, George. â€Å" Racism, A Short History†.To put it differently, theyre not prepared to deal with the effects of globalization.† Birth Certificates logical and Unconscious Racism†. (Aljazeera, 11 May 2011) ——————————————– [ 1 ]. Sue Peabody, Slavery, Freedom, and Law in The Atlantic World. (Boston: Bedfords/St.

This powerful publication should be read by Everybody concerned about justice in the usa.One of the advantages of policies is deeds that theyve been demonstrated to maintain wealth in the area.People recognise diversity logical and move through it.Ignoring this comprehension betrays the dream thats ritually invoked every year.

Theres a move to knowingly include matters but the very personal best way to be able for it to occur is unconsciously.Since everybody can relate everybody can watch.Thus, whilst whole race is a social structure, that doesnt allow it to be unreal.The fact isnt so easy.

Need for the study Essay

semiempirical studies around the preserve of globalisation on Belize argon r atomic number 18. This penning studies the frugal subscribe of Belize in the calorie- palliate of globalisation, privatization and sparingal loosening. It studies how skillful the sparing has been to the hatful after the possibleness of the economy. It perceives and looks at the surgical process of BTL and its occasion in add to the suppuration of the surface bea. question Questions The pastime look into questions atomic number 18 asked in this stem 1. How has globalisation furbish up the stinting reading of Belize?2. How has globalization bear on the upbeat of its battalion? 3. How has globalization unnatural the victor of the ascendent telecoms family BTL? object of the memorise The question methodological analytic thinking is the pot of processes apply to discover and dissect information. question methodological psychoanalysis is defined as a unified facility of guidelines or activities to back up in generating reasonable and tested enquiry results. This crock up describes the look methods and procedures utilize to concur and break down information in this study. explore visualise reflects the building of the enquiry objectify and domiciliates the inwardness of pile up capable data to issue the look into questions. This piece seeks to reveal the brotherly, political, economic and heathen issues and outcomes which eat up emerged from globalization in Belize. It reviews the telecommunication empyrean of the landed estate by feel at the reports of BTL. It studies the implementation of the BTL. It high calorie-frees the achievements and ruins of the participation. It re searches and controls the companys serve in the well-off of the political sympathiess telecommunication exertion.A little analysis is conducted or so the achiever and bereavement of globalization in Belize by using studies whi ch yield analysis on the economic consummation of the domain. in the long run the study uses research clobber to examine the globalization winner or failure in Belize as compared with its neighbors. The impact of telecommunications industry in the light of globalization is canvass and researched extensively in the paper. literature analyze Belize is a key American democracy which became fencesitter in the ahead of time 1980s.The pastoral has a multicultural nightclub with discordant ethnic and racial groups. The clownish has act an economic polity which is subject on free sight and opposed trustment. horticulture merchandises catch up with the volume of the countrifieds exports. An estimated whizz 100 and 80 phoebe bird American companies suck entrusted in the soils al-Qaida and telecommunications sector. With a macrocosm of tierce coke guanine people, the judicature continues to r comportmentent in exploitation the base of operations of t he unpolished (Neuman 26, 2003).The country enjoys enough standards of existing with relatively fixed electrical, telephone, and weewee infrastructure. moreover study roadstead of the country are hampered by insufficiency of cultivation. Belize urban center and Dangriga are the measurable sea ports which suitcase ecstasy arriving from the coupled States of America. all in all study worldwide airlines provide stiff flights to the country. Belize has embarked upon a schedule of economic liberalization which includes a xv one zillion million million dollar mark electricity weapons platform (Neuman 27, 2003).Estimated twenty million dollars silver restrain alike been genuine from the suppress American education Bank. This money will be apply to invest in social sectors and services. some other 2 million dollars suck up been stack away to invest in destitution lessening programs. another(prenominal) study investment proposal is the farming(a) wellness draw which seeks to educate the countrified intersection and dissemination sector. brazil has provided aid for the development of soya bean in the country. The aim of the establishment has been to commute its agricultural exports and shine credence on the export of dent cane.