Essay Main Theories of Each School of Psychology - 1085 Words

The four major Schools in psychology are Behaviourism, cognitive, psychoanalytic and biological. Many different psychologists have different assumptions and ideas about the way in which psychology developed. And the main theories of each school of psychology, will be developed further in this essay. Behaviourism was firstly introduced by John B Watson and started around 1913. It is the idea that all behaviours are learnt, and humans are subject to stimulus and response. It also suggests that humans do not possess any freewill. Behaviourists believe that mental processes should not be studied as they cannot be observed. The concept of operant conditioning was introduced by B.F Skinner. This is the idea that humans learn through†¦show more content†¦Pavlov demonstrated this by conducting an experiment on a dog where the dog eventually associates the presentation of food, with the ringing of a bell. 1 Cognitive is another school of psychology introduced by a Swiss philosopher and psychologist named Jean Piaget. He spent most of his time studying children, and came to the conclusion that children do not think the same way as adult’s do2. Cognitive psychology refers to a variety of mental activities, and explains human behaviour as a result of how the mind works. The psychoanalytic approach is a school of psychology which focuses on unconscious mental processes, early childhood experiences and the Psychosexual and psychosocial stages of development. According to Freud, we have 3 main parts that make up our personality and these are the id, ego and superego. The id is otherwise known as the pleasure principle and responds to demands such as warmth and sexual gratification. (Reference from text book) Freud believed that this is the unconscious component of our personalities. The ego, is a part of the id which takes reality into account from a young age. The ego is the conscious part of our personality and is logical and understands the demands of reality. The superego develops through socialization and morality and can sometimes be linked to the conscience as it helps us to make rational decisions and strives for perfection. 3 Freud believed that there are five stages of psychosexualShow MoreRelatedCompare and Contrast Structuralism and Functio nalism1310 Words   |  6 PagesCOMPARE AND CONTRAST STRUCTURALISM AND FUNCTIONALISM In my opinion both of the theories structuralism and functionalism involved the study of the human mind and how it works and they were both concerned with the mind at the conscious level. 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Rationale for Work Placement Free Essay Example, 1250 words

Some of the activities that the strength program should contain are: warm-up, stretching/flexing, leg; extension, press, curls, standing calf raises, groin poppers, hip poppers, back extension, sit ups/crunches, torso rotation, curls; arm, wrist, lat pull down, shoulder press, rowing, bench press, neck-stension, cool-down/light stretching and flexing. All muscles of the body as well as the mind should be worked out in a systematic plan to achieve strength and endurance (Peters and Wiksten, 2000, p63). Speed and Agility Speed is of essence in any game and football is particularly dependent on the player’s ability to utilize body and mind swiftness. There are several ways to attain top speed in footballers, but the basic skills target stride frequency as well as stride length. Stride frequency and length are the main determinants of physical speed of a player. But the most important aspect of speed in football is the speed of the brain; coordination. Control must be maintained throughout the swift movements in football, in order to make meaningful movements. Fast movements must be hinged on the ability to change direction for ball control. Form running skills entail other fitness training such as strength and aerobics. We will write a custom essay sample on Rationale for Work Placement or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/pageorder now Important drills in training for speed include arm swings, high knees marches, skips and lifts, quick skips, quick flexes, jogs, strides and sprinting (Peters and Wiksten, 2000, p75). Agility training aims at improving the ability of the player to occasion body position changes without impact. The player’s body obeys physical rules of nature by resisting change in position during motion. To achieve desired changes in position of the player’s body, coordination of the body movements must bring into play such features as balance, strength and endurance. Stamina building is the ultimate destination in with a well coordinated agility improvement. The rapid movements in football require a high level of agility skills which enable the player to fight for the ball, pass the ball, defend and shoot as and when the rare chances come. Aerobic and Anaerobic Training Aerobic training involves the improvement of flexibility, strength and cardiovascular system integrity for sporting needs. Stretching exercises for certain duration of time enable flow of blood into the various body parts, ensuring supply of air and nutrients through blood. Circulation is very important in the general health status of the players. Music accompaniment enhances concentration and morale in the players, since the work outs take a considerable amount of time.

The Correlation Between Looking Preferences And Reaching...

This current study has been formulated on the basis that infants 2 years of age, and even below, have the cognitive capacity to express preference when manipulating objects. Previous research which has been observed shares similar concepts with this current study. This study, conducted by Christopher Newman, Janette Atkinston, and Oliver Braddick (2001) in which the relationship between looking preferences and reaching was explored in infants 5-15 months’ old infants. To be more specific, they used preferential reaching between objects of different sizes in infants of different ages to explain the dissociation in the development of visual processing and orientation in object manipulation. The infants were presented with cylinders of different sizes, a small, medium, and large cylinder was presented for the infants to interact with. According to Newman, Atkinson and Braddick (2001), â€Å"The largest object was too large for the younger infants to grasp easily with one handâ⠂¬  (p. 563), and this had most likely had a role to play in the preference of the infants. In regards to the results of the study, Newman, Atkinson and Braddick (2001) found â€Å"Infants of all ages in this experiment reached almost compulsively for objects presented to them. However, although 5-8’/2-month-old infants showed no preference when reaching to objects of different sizes, 8’/2-12-month-old infants showed a strong preference for smaller objects† (p. 568). â€Å"It is likely, therefore, that this effectShow MoreRelatedAffirmative Action Is Important For The Future Of The Diversified Generations Of America Essay1641 Words   |  7 PagesSpeech, he states â€Å"I look to a day when people will not be judged by the color of their skin, but by the content of their character† for this reason affirmative action in higher education admission should alter for it creates a perpetual racial preference in admission. Affirmative action is controversial due its issue of whether the generation of today should pay for the past injustices done to certain ethnicities. 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Aboriginal medicine Essay Example For Students

Aboriginal medicine Essay Many of the inequalities in the health of the Aboriginal people can be attributed to the erosion of the Aboriginal culture.(chp.2). Restrictions placed on the cultural practices of the Aboriginal people ultimately led to the abatement of the Aboriginal traditional medicines.(p88). Losing their freedom to practice traditional therapeutics, the Aboriginal people eventually had to adapt to the culturally inappropriate ways of western medicines. The purpose of this paper is to examine the advantages of Aboriginal healing methods for the Aboriginal people, as well as to explain why these traditional methods continued to persist long after western style medicines were introduced. Advantages of Aboriginal Healing Methods for the Aboriginal PeopleTraditional healing methods were based upon traditional Aboriginal spirituality beliefs.(p18). This spiritual belief system stated that people exist within this context as worthy creatures, but no more worthy than any other being. To live secure, healthy lives through acknowledging and respecting the spiritual as well as the physical world, because there is no difference between the two.(p71). The whole Aboriginal culture was based around these beliefs. Everyone in the community was treated as equal with acknowledgment and respect. Therefore those who deemed to follow the cultural beliefs had no difficulty in understanding the healing practices of the people. This appreciation of equality and respect was an advantage to the Aboriginal people, especially within their healing methods. Illness was treated in many ways but the main goal was to achieve a sense of balance and harmony.(p82). Applications of herbs and roots, s piritual intervention, and community wide ritual and ceremonies were all therapeutic practices.(p71). It was the healer who held the keys to the supernatural and natural worlds and who interpreted signs, diagnosed disease and provided medicines from the grassland, woodland, and parkland pharmacopoeia.(p18). The healers knowledge of herbs and roots and ways to administer and diagnose had been passed down from generation to generation.(p85). Healers stood as an advantage for the Aboriginal people. Trust and a personal relationships would naturally build between the patient and the healer.(p77). This must have been comforting for the Aboriginal people, being aware of what they were taking and trusting their elders and ancestors with the guidance. Aboriginal medicines were based upon their beliefs, the healers and medicine men were reassuring and comforting members of the community since they could communicate with these spirits. Even though they were usually men and elders , they were not seen as having more power, just higher spiritual ability-they were treated as equal and respected the same as any other.(p73). The healers also respected the physical environment form which all medicinal herbs and roots were taken. If something was taken a gift was always left as a sing of respect and acknowledgment- for example tobacco was commonly left when herbs were taken from the ground as a gift to the creator.(p100). I see this as an advantage to the Aboriginal people because it taught value and meaning to life-not to be too greedy as the white men soon came to be, depleting many of the Aboriginals medicinal herbs and roots for their own use.(p99) There was one thing that the white man could not take away form the Aboriginal people their beliefs. Even though the White man tried it was something that the Aboriginal people kept as their own. This, I see as an advantage to the Aboriginal culture because the medicinal practices were based upon these beliefs, and they could n ot be stolen from them. One other advantage to the healing practices of the Aboriginal people was the formation of bonds and ties with one another through the ceremonies and rituals that were performed.(p73). An illness was a communities responsibility. Everyone had roles from dancing to singing to drumming, depending on the ceremony.(p75). The family would constantly surround the ill stay in the same room until the person was no longer sick.-This was misunderstood by many western medical doctors who eventually forbid any of the rituals to take place.(p115). So the main advantage I would say, that Aboriginal healing practices has for the Aboriginal people is the understanding and clarity it makes for them because it is what they know and what their ancestors knew. It was their culture, and one must understand the culture to understand the benefits of its healing process for its people. The white man began to deteriorate the Aboriginal healing practice in order to implement their own . No values or beliefs of Aboriginal therapeutic practices were taken into thought. This forcing uncomfortable and untrustworthy situations to arise within the western world of medicine.(chp.4). Persistence of Aboriginal Healing Methods After the Introduction of Western MedicinesOne does not have to look far to find the reasons why the Aboriginal people failed to embrace the Western-style medical practices. Reasons that I will discuss for the persistence of Aboriginal healing practices are 1. Lack of doctors for the reserve. 2. The Aboriginal people were afraid and unaware of the practices (not trusting of the ways). 3. The communication barrier between doctors and their patients. 4. The misunderstanding of cultural practices and the roles of the individuals involved (the role of a doctor vs. role of a healer). 5. Many of their healing methods still continued to be effective western medical attention was the last resort. There was a shortage of doctors on the reserves if there were any doctors at all; as well as a shortage of doctors who would treat the aboriginal people. The native people were often affiliated with very malignant diseases such as smallpox, scurvy, and other loathsome diseases..doctors wanted to protect their own health and safetythey feared potential outbreak within the communitiesthis being the number one reason why the department was at first unwilling to entertain the notion of medical practitioners for the reserves.(p143). The white culture should feel extreme guilt for it was them who introduced the malignant diseases to the Aboriginal people, forced them to practice their Western medicines, than left them to suffer when no western medicines were provided resulting in the high death rates of the Aboriginal people. And this all because the doctors were afraid to do their jobs-treat the ill. Frankly this makes me sick. In another section of the book it states that the people(Aboriginals) refused to come to the hospitals to be treated becau se there was not enough staff to support all the people in need.(p117). So obviously Aboriginal health was not in the best intrests of the White man , especially when it came to supplying proper care. Aboriginal people were not familiar with the ways of western medicines which resulted in them acting with fear and distrust towards the system. Doctors medicines were neither understood nor trusted by the Aboriginal people.(p144). The focus of Aboriginal healing methods were not the same as the White mansmany times the doctors would focus on the next life while the healers would focus on this life.(p74). White healing methods were not based on spiritual beliefs rather only on the scientific and physical facts. This produced little faith in the new medicines no purpose or beliefs to follow. The people simply did not care for the hospital as they had very little faith in white doctor or his medicines.(p115). Throughout the book Maureen Lux makes mention to the many elders who state they were afraid to use the medication given to them by the white doctors because it made them ill, many think they got side effects because they were used as guinea pigs in the western medical field. (p180). There was also a great fear of hospitals because they were isolated buildings which the Aboriginal people related to ghosts. The hospitals were always a last resort for the Aboriginal people, they were viewed as a place for the chronically ill and alone-who rarely came out alive.(p179). It was basically a misunderstanding, but the White man did not take the time and courtesy to help the Aboriginals understand and not be afraid, it was something they had to learn on their own. Shiloh by Bobbie Ann Mason Essay word count: 12542Medicine That WalksQuestion #4 based on the book by Maureen Lux