Environmental Engineering Essay

It involves cop pissing managementandair taintcontrol, recycling,waste disposal, radiation protection, industrial hygiene, environmental sustainability, andpublic healthissues as well as a knowledge ofenvironmental engineering law. It is a related contain of environmental science. Main task of environmental engineers is to protect public health by protecting (from except degradation), preserving (the present condition of), and enhancing the environment.Some work of environmental engineers Conducts hazardous-waste managementstudies to evaluate the significance of such hazards, indicate on treatment and containment, and develop regulations to prevent mishaps. Design municipal water supply andindustrial effluent treatmentsystems. Address environmental issues such as the effects ofacid rain,global change,ozone depletion, water pollution and air pollution fromautomobile exhaustsandindustrial sources.Environmental scienceis an interdisciplinaryacademic fieldthat integrates somatog enetic and biological sciences, (including but not limited toEcology,Physics,Chemistry,Biology, dirt Science,Geology,Atmospheric ScienceandGeography) to the study of the environment, and the solution of environmental problems. Environmental science provides an integrated, quantitative, and interdisciplinaryapproach to the study of environmental systems. Environmental science came alive as a substantive, active field of scientific investigation in the 1960s and 1970s driven by the ff. ssues (a) the need for a multi-disciplinary approach to analyze complex environmental problems. (b) the arrival of substantive environmental laws requiring particularised environmental protocols of investigation. (c) the growing public aw atomic number 18ness of a need for action in addressing environmental problems. tie in areas of study environmental studies incorporates more of the social sciences for understanding human relationships, perceptions and policies towards the environment. 2. environme ntal engineering focuses on human body and technology for improving environmental quality. Components of Environmental Science Ecologyis the study of the interactions among beingnesss and their environment. Ecologists might wonder the relationship between a population of beingnesss and some physical characteristic of their environment, such as ducking of a chemical or they might investigate the interaction between a two populations of divergent organisms with some symbiotic or competitive relationship.For example, an interdisciplinary analysis of an ecological system which is existence impacted by one or more stressors might include several(prenominal) related environmental science fields. In an estuarine setting where a proposed industrial development could impact certain species bywaterandair pollution,biologistswould describe the flora and fauna,chemistswould analyze the glamour of water pollutants to the marsh,physicistswould calculateair pollutionemissions andgeologis tswould assist in understanding the marsh earths and bay muds. . Atmospheric sciencesfocuses on the commonwealths atmosphere, with an dialect upon its interrelation to other systems. Atmospheric sciences can include studies ofmeteorology,greenhouse gasphenomena,atmospheric dispersion modelingof mobile contaminants,34sound propagation phenomena related tonoise pollution, and evenlight pollution.Taking the example of theglobal warmingphenomena, physicists createcomputer modelsof atmospheric circulation and infra-red radiation transmission, chemists examine the inventory of atmospheric chemicals and their reactions, biologists analyze the plant and animal(prenominal) contributions tocarbon dioxidefluxes, and specialists such asmeteorologistsandoceanographers add additional breadth in understanding the atmospheric dynamics. 3. Environmental chemistryis the study of chemical alterations in the environment.Principal areas of study include nastiness contaminationandwater pollution. The topics of analysis include chemical degradation in the environment, multi-phase transport of chemicals (for example, evaporation of asolventcontaining lake to afford solvent as an air pollutant), and chemical effects upon biota. As an example study, consider the case of a leakingsolventtank which has entered the habitat soil of anendangered speciesof amphibian.As a method to resolve or understand the extent ofsoil contaminationand subsurface transport of solvent, a computer model would be implemented. Chemists would then characterize the molecular bonding of the solvent to the specific soil fount, and biologists would study the impacts upon soilarthropods, plants, and last pond-dwelling organisms that are the nutrient of the endangered amphibian. 4. Geosciencesincludeenvironmental geology,environmental soil science, volcanic phenomena and evolution of the Earths crust.In some classification systems this can also includehydrology, includingoceanography. As an example study of so ilserosion, calculations would be made ofsurface runoffby soil scientists. Fluvial geomorphologists would assist in examiningsediment transportin overland flow. Physicists would contribute by assessing the changes in light transmission in the receiving waters. Biologists would analyze concomitant impacts to aquatic flora and fauna from increases in water turbidity. Ecology study of the interactions between organisms and their environment. starts as proterozoic as 300 BC with the Greek named Theophastus, his interest with the interrelationship between organism and the living environment, drive his as the Father of Botany. Environment refers to the sum of all the external forces and conditions acting on an organism or community of organism. oekologie was coined by the german zoologist, Ernst Haeckel, comes from the greek word oikos, meaning home or a set up to live in. defines as the relationship of animals both to the organic as well as the inorganic environment, in the mid-1 900s two group of botanist, one from the Europe and America, become interested in the study of plants communities, the Europeans heavy on the composition, social system and distribution of plant communities, on the other hand the Americans concentrate to the development of plant, at last they become interested at the animals as well, and gave a greater emphasis on inter-relationship of animals and plants.This become the gestate of ecology as the formal field of study. British economist, Thomas Malthus, gave special attention to population in the early 19th century, his the first one o recognized the conflict between expanding population and earths capacity to supply it. scope of ecology, organism (eg. Proto-plasma, cell, tissue, organ, organ system), population, community, ecosystem, and biosphere. Organism Levels of organization of bread and butter (inside the organism) Protoplasma it makes up the living message of the cell.Cell basic unit of life Tissue-group of cell per forming specific influences Organ- group of tissue carrying a particular functions Organ system group of organ doing s specific function. Levels of organization of life (inside the organism) tribe group of organism of the same kind or species occupying a particular place at a particular time. Community a group of populations occupying a given area. Ecosystem basic unit of ecology, refers to the interaction between the organism and environment. It includes population, communities, habitat (the place where the organism lives) and the environment. eg. forest, grassland, river, etc. ) Biosphere world of life. It is the portion of the earth where in life on its any form existed. Components of ecosystem Biotic they are the living components of ecosystem constituteing of plants, animals and bacteria. Abiotic they are the non living component that consist of substratum, light, rainfall, nutrients, soil, temperature, etc. Biotic Components Green plants known as the producers. They capture the energy coming from the sun and unneurotic with the CO2 in the air and H2O converts this into food energy.They are called autotrophs (self nourishing), they manufacture their own food through the process of photosynthesis. There are also microscopic green plant called phytoplanktons, they give the green coloration to the bodies of water such as lake and rivers Animals Known as the consumers. Obtain other food sources to other plants and animals they are called heterotrophs. Three types of consumers Herbivores that eat plants only Carnivores animals that eat other animals. Omnivores- eat both plants and animals.Bacteria and Fungi They are called decomposers. They eat the dead bodies of plants and animals, where they get their energy and convert it to other nutrients back into the environment. They are popular called the janitor of the nature. Abiotic Components Soil the upper layer of the earths crust affected by plants and animals serves as the habitat and crime sy ndicate of nutrients for many organism. Humus dark decaying organic substance found in the soil. Physical characteristic of soil Color The color of the soils is influence by the factor present in the soil.Soil color and element presesent Grey (lacks of iron) Brown & red (rich in iron) food grain the texture of the soil affects the amount of water and nutrients the soil can hold. Texture of the soil Sandy (composed of coarse particles) Clay (consist of fine particles) Silt (composed of medium size particles. ) Loamy (mixture of clay, sand and silt) Moisture Water content of the soil. It is influence by factors such as Texture Amount of rainfall Slope of the land Underlying rock type. pH The concentration of henry ions on the soil.The soil which contain a large amount of lime is alkaline and with large amount of granite id acidic. pH value raging from 1-6 is acidic and 8-14 are basic while those with 7 reading is neutral type of soil. Structure Refers to the arrangement of its par ticle which build up larger amount of soil structure is called peds. The peds damage will result to the poor drainage of water to the soil. 2. Water Importance of water in ecosystem It comprise of a large percentage of the tissues of all living organism. Required by plants to support their non treelike tissues.Used by the plants as a vessel of nutrients from the soil. It is absorbed by the plant and release in the environment which produces the cooling effect. Plant adaptation to water (Based on the tolerance of plant to water. ) * Hydropytes (Plants that grow in water and waterlogged soils) * Halophytes (Plants that grow in saline environment. ) * Xerophytes (Plants that grow in dry or dried-out condition. 3. Temperature Affects the plant and cooled blooded animals by controlling their metabolism. Affect the water loss of the organism.Most organism function at temperature between 0 degree to 50 degree centigrade.. 4. Wind An agent of pollination and reference dispersal. It al so affects transpiration in the plants by causing faster evaporation with in their surroundings. Pathship canal of energy Energy It is need by the organism for growth, maintenance and repair and for life. Organism obtain their energy by two ways Autotrophy (producing their own food) Heterotrophy (eating other organism) Food Chain Consist of the sequence of organism that eat other organism through which energy is transferred. Every food chain starts a producer and end with decomposers.Trophic levels of food chain First trophic ( producers) Second trophic (herbivores called primary consumers) Third trophic (carnivore that eat hervobores) fourth trophic (carnivores that eat carnivores) In food chain the energy transferred from one trophic level to some other is decreasing. Food web Consist of several interlocking food chain. It is a transfer of energy involving several pathways. Nutrients cycle Classification of Nutrients Macronutrients those that are required by organism by large quantities. Ex. Oxygen, carbon, nitrogen and hydrogen Micronutrient are needed by the organism by splendider amounts.Ex. Sulfur, potassium, iron, and phosphorus. Water Cycles Evaporation (from bodies of water) Respiration ( from animals) Transpiration (from the trees) abridgment (accumulation of all the vapors, transpiration and respiration) Precipitation (for rain) Runoff (water run from the higher grounds) Carbon and Oxygen cycle Carbon is in general present in the environment by cabon dioxide. Carbon dioxide is present at It could be found at dead organism. Volcano eruption. Respiration of animals. Oxygen is abundant in plants transpiration, it is release in the air as a waste product and absorbed by animals.Nitrogen Cycles Nitrogen constitutes 78% of air in the atmosphere. Plants used it as a nitrates, and nitrogen converted it by two process The action of lightning. influence of action by specialized organism such as legumes. Communities Community Group of different kinds of organism or species living together in a particular place. Worlds Major communities 1. Dessert Biome Bushes and shrubs for vegetation Sandy, dry and loose type of soil. Less than 10 cm of rain fall in a year. Lizards, snakes, eagles, owls, toads, insects and small